Voices

Voice

Baruch Spinoza

Science Psychology Literature

Drawing by Greg Conrad Smith, 2026.

Men believe themselves to be free, simply because they are conscious of their actions, and unconscious of the causes whereby those actions are determined.

–Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, in Works of Spinoza (New York: Dover, 1995), as quoted by Joseph LeDoux in The Emotional Brain (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 267.